Invasion risks and social interest of non-native woody plants in urban parks of mainland Spain

Urban parks and gardens are one of the most important pathways for deliberate introduction non-native plant species, some which cause environmental socioeconomic impacts. We conducted a risk assessment on 388 woody species from 46 urban mainland Spain to classify them in lists based their invasion status, being invasive elsewhere, climate matching with area origin, potential negative Only Ficus benjamina has no invade (Green list). Four regulated (Priority list); 47 or potentially can more impact types than median value (Attention list), while 12 less impacts (Watch There is park without any species. The common could be competition native (80% species) physical modification habitats (71%). also identified 31 human health Some several types. correlated among competition, toxicity, alteration natural succession habitat structure. frequently planted ones largest standard trending Google Trends, therefore societal interest.